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+Network Working Group O. Gsenger
+Internet-Draft May 2008
+Expires: November 2, 2008
+
+
+ secure anycast tunneling protocol (SATP)
+ draft-gsenger-secure-anycast-tunneling-protocol-02
+
+Status of this Memo
+
+ By submitting this Internet-Draft, each author represents that any
+ applicable patent or other IPR claims of which he or she is aware
+ have been or will be disclosed, and any of which he or she becomes
+ aware will be disclosed, in accordance with Section 6 of BCP 79.
+
+ Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
+ Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that
+ other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-
+ Drafts.
+
+ Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
+ and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
+ time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
+ material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
+
+ The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at
+ http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt.
+
+ The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at
+ http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html.
+
+ This Internet-Draft will expire on November 2, 2008.
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+Gsenger Expires November 2, 2008 [Page 1]
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+Abstract
+
+ The secure anycast tunneling protocol (SATP) defines a protocol used
+ for communication between any combination of unicast and anycast
+ tunnel endpoints. It allows tunneling of every ETHER TYPE protocol
+ (ethernet, ip ...). SATP directly includes cryptography and message
+ authentication based on the methods used by the Secure Real-time
+ Transport Protocol(SRTP) [RFC3711]. It can be used as an encrypted
+ alternative to IP Encapsulation within IP [RFC2003] and Generic
+ Routing Encapsulation (GRE) [RFC2784]. Both anycast receivers and
+ senders are supported.
+
+
+Table of Contents
+
+ 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
+ 1.1. Notational Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
+ 2. Motivation and usage scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
+ 2.1. Usage scenarions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
+ 2.1.1. Tunneling from unicast hosts over anycast routers
+ to other unicast hosts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
+ 2.1.2. Tunneling from unicast hosts to anycast networks . . . 5
+ 2.1.3. Redundant tunnel connection of 2 networks . . . . . . 5
+ 2.2. Encapsulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
+ 3. Using SATP on top of IP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
+ 3.1. Fragmentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
+ 3.2. ICMP messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
+ 4. Protocol specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
+ 4.1. Header format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
+ 4.2. sequence number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
+ 4.3. sender ID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
+ 4.4. MUX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
+ 4.5. payload type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
+ 4.6. payload . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
+ 4.7. padding (OPTIONAL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
+ 4.8. padding count (OPTIONAL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
+ 4.9. MKI (OPTIONAL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
+ 4.10. authentication tag (RECOMMENDED) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
+ 4.11. Encryption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
+ 5. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
+ 5.1. Replay protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
+ 6. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
+ 7. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
+ 7.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
+ 7.2. Informational References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
+ Author's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
+ Intellectual Property and Copyright Statements . . . . . . . . . . 17
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+1. Introduction
+
+ SATP is a mixture of a generic encapsulation protocol like GRE
+ [RFC2784] and a secure tunneling protocol as IPsec [RFC2401] in
+ tunnel mode. It can be used to build redundant virtual private
+ network (VPN) connections. It supports peer-to-peer tunnels, where
+ tunnel endpoints can be any combination of unicast, multicast or
+ anycast hosts, so it defines a Host Anycast Service [RFC1546].
+ Encryption is done per packet, so the protocol is robust against
+ packet loss and routing changes. To reduce header overhead,
+ encryption techniques of SRTP [RFC3711] are being used.
+
+1.1. Notational Conventions
+
+ The keywords "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
+ "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
+ document are to be interpreted as described in RFC2119 [RFC2119].
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+2. Motivation and usage scenarios
+
+ This section gives an overview of possible usage scenarios. Please
+ note that the protocols used in the figures are only examples and
+ that SATP itself does not care about either transport protocols or
+ encapsulated protocols. Routing is not done by SATP and each
+ implemetation MAY choose it's own way of doing this task (e.g. using
+ functions provided by the operating system). SATP is used only to
+ encapsulate and encrypt data.
+
+2.1. Usage scenarions
+
+2.1.1. Tunneling from unicast hosts over anycast routers to other
+ unicast hosts
+
+ An example of SATP used to tunnel in a unicast client - anycast
+ server model
+
+ --------- router -----------
+ / \
+ unicast ------+---------- router ------------+------ unicast
+ host \ / host
+ --------- router -----------
+
+ unicast | encrypted | anycast | encrypted | unicast
+ tunnel | communication | tunnel | communication | tunnel
+ endpoint | using SATP | endpoint | using SATP | endpoint
+
+ Figure 1
+
+ In this scenario the payload is encapsuleted into a SATP packet by a
+ unicast host and gets transmitted to one of the anycast routers.
+ After transmisson the packet gets decapsulated by the router. This
+ router makes a routing descision based on the underlying protocol and
+ transmits a new SATP package to one or more unicast hosts depending
+ on this decision.
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+2.1.2. Tunneling from unicast hosts to anycast networks
+
+ An example of SATP used to encrypt data between a unicast host and
+ anycast networks
+
+ -------Router -+---- DNS Server
+ / \
+ / --- 6to4 Router
+ /
+ unicast -------+----------Router --+--- DNS Server
+ host \ \
+ \ --- 6to4 Router
+ \
+ -------Router -+---- DNS Server
+ \
+ --- 6to4 Router
+
+ unicast | encrypted | anycast | plaintext
+ tunnel | communication | tunnel | anycast
+ endpoint | using SATP | endpoint | services
+
+
+ Figure 2
+
+ When the unicast hosts wants to transmit data to one of the anycast
+ DNS servers, it encapsulates the data and sends a SATP packet to the
+ anycast address of the routers. The packet arrives at one of the
+ routers, gets decapsulated and is then forwarded to the DNS server.
+ This method can be used to tunnel between clients and networks
+ providing anycast services. It can also be used the other way to
+ virtually locate a unicast service within anycasted networks.
+
+2.1.3. Redundant tunnel connection of 2 networks
+
+ An example of SATP used to connect 2 networks
+
+ Router ----------- ---------------Router
+ / \ / \
+ Network - Router ------------x Network
+ A \ / \ / B
+ Router ----------- ---------------Router
+
+ | packets | packets | packets |
+ plaintext | get | take a | get | plaintext
+ packets | de/encrypted | random | de/encrypted | packets
+ |de/encapsulated| path |de/encapsulated|
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+ Figure 3
+
+ Network A has multiple routers which act as gateway/tunnel endpoints
+ to another network B. This way a redundant encrypted tunnel
+ connection between the two networks is built up. All tunnel
+ endpoints of network A share the same anycast address and all tunnel
+ endpoints of network B share another anycast address. When a packet
+ from network A is transmitted to network B, it first arrives on one
+ of network A's border routers. Which router is used is determined by
+ network A's internal routing. This router encapsulates the package
+ and sends it to the anycast address of network B's routers. After
+ arrival the SATP packet gets decapsulated and routed to its
+ destination within network B.
+
+2.2. Encapsulation
+
+ SATP does not depend on the lower layer protocol. This section only
+ gives an example of how packets could look like.
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+ Examples of SATP used with different lower layer and payload
+ protocols
+
+ +------+-----+-------------------------------+
+ | | | +----------------+-----+ |
+ | IPv6 | UDP | SATP | Ethernet 802.3 | ... | |
+ | | | +----------------+-----+ |
+ +------+-----+-------------------------------+
+
+ Tunneling of Ethernet over UDP/IPv6
+
+ +------+-----+---------------------------+
+ | | | +------+-----+-----+ |
+ | IPv4 | UDP | SATP | IPv6 | UDP | RTP | |
+ | | | +------+-----+-----+ |
+ +------+-----+---------------------------+
+
+ Tunneling of IPv6 over UDP/IPv4 with RTP payload
+
+ +------+-------------------------------+
+ | | +----------------+-----+ |
+ | IPv6 | SATP | Ethernet 802.3 | ... | |
+ | | +----------------+-----+ |
+ +------+-------------------------------+
+
+ Tunneling of Ethernet over IPv6
+
+ +------+---------------------------+
+ | | +------+-----+-----+ |
+ | IPv4 | SATP | IPv6 | UDP | RTP | |
+ | | +------+-----+-----+ |
+ +------+---------------------------+
+
+ Tunneling of IPv6 over IPv4 with RTP payload
+
+ Figure 4
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+3. Using SATP on top of IP
+
+3.1. Fragmentation
+
+ The only way of fully supporting fragmentation would be to
+ synchronise fragments between all anycast servers. This is
+ considered to be too much overhead, so there are two non-perfect
+ solutions for these problems. Either fragmentation HAS TO be
+ disabled or if not all fragments arrive at the same server the IP
+ datagramm HAS TO be discarded. As routing changes are not expected
+ to occur very frequently, the encapsulated protocol can do a
+ retransmission and all fragments will arrive at the new server.
+
+ If the payload type is IP and the IP headers' Don't Fragment (DF) bit
+ is set, then the DF bit of the outer IP header HAS TO be set as well.
+
+3.2. ICMP messages
+
+ ICMP messages MUST be relayed according to rfc2003 section 4
+ [RFC2003]. This is needed for path MTU detection.
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+4. Protocol specification
+
+4.1. Header format
+
+ Protocol Format
+
+ 0 1 2 3
+ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | sequence number | |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |
+ | sender ID | MUX | |
+ +#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+ |
+ | | payload type | | |
+ | +-------------------------------+ | |
+ | | .... payload ... | |
+ | | +-------------------------------+ |
+ | | | padding (OPT) | pad count(OPT)| |
+ +#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+-+
+ | ~ MKI (OPTIONAL) ~ |
+ | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |
+ | : authentication tag (RECOMMENDED) : |
+ | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |
+ | |
+ +- Encrypted Portion Authenticated Portion ---+
+
+ Figure 5
+
+4.2. sequence number
+
+ The sequence number is a 32 bit unsigned integer in network byte
+ order. It starts with a random value and is increased by 1 for every
+ sent packet. After the maximum value it starts over from 0. This
+ overrun causes the ROC to be increased.
+
+4.3. sender ID
+
+ The sender ID is a 16 bit unsigned integer. It HAS TO be unique for
+ every sender sharing the same anycast address.
+
+4.4. MUX
+
+ The MUX (multiplex) field is a 16 bit unsigned integer. It is used
+ to distinguish multiple tunnel connections.
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+4.5. payload type
+
+ The payload type field defines the payload protocol. ETHER TYPE
+ protocol numbers are used. See IANA assigned ethernet numbers [1] .
+ The values 0000-05DC are reserverd and MUST NOT be used.
+
+ Some examples for protocol numbers
+
+ HEX
+ 0000 Reserved
+ .... Reserved
+ 05DC Reserved
+ 0800 Internet IP (IPv4)
+ 6558 transparent ethernet bridging
+ 86DD IPv6
+
+ Figure 6
+
+4.6. payload
+
+ A packet of type payload type (e.g. an IP packet).
+
+4.7. padding (OPTIONAL)
+
+ Padding of max 255 octets. None of the pre-defined encryption
+ transforms uses any padding; for these, the plaintext and encrypted
+ payload sizes match exactly. Transforms are based on transforms of
+ the SRTP protocol and therefore might use the RTP padding format, so
+ a RTP-like padding is supported. If the padding count field is
+ present, the padding count field MUST be set to the padding length.
+
+4.8. padding count (OPTIONAL)
+
+ The number of octets of the padding field. This field is optional.
+ Its presence is signaled by the key management and not by this
+ protocol. If this field isn't present, the padding field MUST NOT be
+ present as well.
+
+4.9. MKI (OPTIONAL)
+
+ The MKI (Master Key Identifier) is OPTIONAL and of configurable
+ length. See SRTP Section 3.1 [RFC3711] for details.
+
+4.10. authentication tag (RECOMMENDED)
+
+ The authentication tag is RECOMMENDED and of configurable length. It
+ contains a cryptographic checksum of the sender ID, sequence number
+ and the encrypted portion, but not of the MKI. On transmitter side
+
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+ encryption HAS TO be done before calculating the authentication tag.
+ A receiver HAS TO calculate the authentication tag before decrypting
+ the encrypted portion.
+
+4.11. Encryption
+
+ Encryption is done in the same way as for SRTP [RFC3711]. This
+ section will only discuss some small changes that HAVE TO be made.
+ Please read SRTP RFC3711 section 3-9 [RFC3711] for details.
+
+ The least significant bits of SSRC are replaced by the sender ID and
+ the most significant bits are replaced by the MUX. For the SRTP SEQ
+ the 16 least significant bits of the SATP sequence number are used
+ and the 16 most significant bits of the sequence number replace the
+ 16 least significant bits of the SRTP ROC.
+
+ Difference between SRTP and SATP
+
+ 0 1 2 3
+ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | SATP sequence number |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ =
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | SRTP ROC least significant | SRTP SEQ |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+
+
+ 0 1 2 3
+ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | SATP MUX | SATP sender ID |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ =
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | SRTP SSRC |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+
+ Figure 7
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+5. Security Considerations
+
+ As SATP uses the same encryption techniques as SRTP [RFC3711], it
+ shares the same security issues. This section will only discuss some
+ small changes. Please read SRTP RFC3711 section 9 [RFC3711] for
+ details.
+
+5.1. Replay protection
+
+ Replay protection is done by a replay list. Every anycast receiver
+ has its own replay list, which SHOULDN'T be syncronised because of
+ massive overhead. This leads to an additional possible attack. An
+ attacker is able to replay a captured packet once to every anycast
+ receiver. This attack is considered be very unlikely because
+ multiple attack hosts in different locations are needed to reach
+ seperate anycast receivers and the number of replays is limited to
+ count of receivers - 1. Such replays might also happen because of
+ routing problems, so a payload protocol HAS TO be robust against a
+ small number of duplicated packages. The window size and position
+ HAS TO be syncronised between multiple anycast receivers to limit
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+6. IANA Considerations
+
+ The protocol is intended to be used on top of IP or on top of UDP (to
+ be compatible with NAT routers), so UDP and IP protocol numbers have
+ to be assiged by IANA.
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+7. References
+
+7.1. Normative References
+
+ [RFC3711] Baugher, M., McGrew, D., Naslund, M., Carrara, E., and K.
+ Norrman, "The Secure Real-time Transport Protocol (SRTP)",
+ RFC 3711, March 2004.
+
+ [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
+ Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
+
+ [RFC2003] Perkins, C., "IP Encapsulation within IP", RFC 2003,
+ October 1996.
+
+7.2. Informational References
+
+ [RFC2784] Farinacci, D., Li, T., Hanks, S., Meyer, D., and P.
+ Traina, "Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE)", RFC 2784,
+ March 2000.
+
+ [RFC2401] Kent, S. and R. Atkinson, "Security Architecture for the
+ Internet Protocol", RFC 2401, November 1998.
+
+ [RFC1546] Partridge, C., Mendez, T., and W. Milliken, "Host
+ Anycasting Service", RFC 1546, November 1993.
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+URIs
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+ [1] <http://www.iana.org/assignments/ethernet-numbers>
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+Author's Address
+
+ Othmar Gsenger
+ Puerstingerstr 32
+ Saalfelden 5760
+ AT
+
+ Phone:
+ Email: satp@gsenger.com
+ URI: http://www.gsenger.com/satp/
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+Full Copyright Statement
+
+ Copyright (C) The IETF Trust (2008).
+
+ This document is subject to the rights, licenses and restrictions
+ contained in BCP 78, and except as set forth therein, the authors
+ retain all their rights.
+
+ This document and the information contained herein are provided on an
+ "AS IS" basis and THE CONTRIBUTOR, THE ORGANIZATION HE/SHE REPRESENTS
+ OR IS SPONSORED BY (IF ANY), THE INTERNET SOCIETY, THE IETF TRUST AND
+ THE INTERNET ENGINEERING TASK FORCE DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS
+ OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF
+ THE INFORMATION HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED
+ WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
+
+
+Intellectual Property
+
+ The IETF takes no position regarding the validity or scope of any
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+Gsenger Expires November 2, 2008 [Page 17]
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